The Internet, The Web & Electric Commerce

Basic History of Internet
In 1960, internet was created by some of the visionary thinking by people because they saw it is a great potential value in allowing computer to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields.

The internet then had been known as ARPANET in where it was brought online in 1969 under the contract by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). When the internet is started to introduced, almost of all the user is coming from computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians background. While, there are no user from home or office personal computer. Furthermore, to those people at that time who know how to use the internet can be categorized as the people who are very knowledable.

As mention earlier, the early Internet was used by computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians. There was nothing friendly about it. There were no home or office personal computers in those days, and anyone who used it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn to use a very complex system.


Who was the first person started to use the internet?
HINT^.^


If you want to know the answer. Please highlight the section below. :)

Charley Kline in Oct 29, 1969

Dr. Charles Kline is a consultant on Internet technologies, network security, software patents and business strategies. He is also an 'angel' investor and advisor for startup companies.

As a graduate student at UCLA, Charles ('Charley') Kline worked with Steve Crocker, Vint Cerf, Jon Postel and Len Kleinrock on the development of the ARPANET and Internet. In September of 1969, he sent test transmissions between the computer at UCLA and the first Interface Message Processor (IMP) in order to develop the earliest protocols. On October 29, 1969, Charley attempted to remotely access the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) computer and managed to send the first letters of the word 'LOGIN' before the computer at SRI crashed. Later that day, he was able to successfully login to the SRI computer. At that moment, computer networking changed from a concept into a reality!

Charley continued his research at UCLA and received a Ph.D. for his pioneering works on computer system security, network security and encryption protocols. He remained at UCLA and led research efforts into the fundamental concepts of distributed computing.

Charley left UCLA to form Locus Computing Corporation, one of the largest Unix and open systems companies. Locus developed the AIX operating system for IBM as well as the first PC networks. After Locus, Charley has been involved with several startup companies. More recently, Charley was a senior technologist and product line manager at Cisco Systems.

Advantages and Disadvantages of using internet

Advantages
1.Email- is an online correspondence system. By using email, we are able to receive and send many document by electronic. For example, we can sent an email to inform the whole class that the cancellation of class. By adding a number of recipients in our email contacts, we now can send one document to the whole class member. So it can make our work become more easy. Furthermore, email is free compared to the use of telephone calls or short-message-services (SMS) services.

2. Online shopping- Nowadays, internet is a very effective way to buy and sell products without boundaries. There are many online stores that allow customers to use their credit card to buy whatever they want without step out from their house. This business to customer (B2B) services had delight the household which enable them to do all shopping experience from the web. In this case, Amazon. com and E-Bay are the most popular online stores.


Besides that, another type of online shopping is customer to customer (C2C). Here, a consumer can buy products from retailers or suppliers, and then sell it to another consumer. While, there is also consumers who put their personal items on the website for another consumer to buy it from them. One of the most visited online stores in Malaysia is Mudah.com.



Disadvantages

1. Spamming- It refer to the activities that sending unsolicited e-mail in bulk, which serve no propose and unnecessarily clog up to the entire system.

2.Personal information- For example, when we are using credit card for online services purpose, these information is exposed to the danger. Our name, credit card number, addresses and other information may be theft by the other person.

As a conclusion, internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we use it in the right way, it will benefits us. In contrast, when we use it for illegally, it will harm us.

The Evolution of Secondary Storage

From the past lecture, our lecturer had mentioned about secondary storage devices in Malaysia for the past decade. She had said that during her university life, they needed a lot of diskette to submitted one assignment. It had arouse my curiosity about the evolution of secondary storage devices.

Therefore, i did a little bit of research and below is my findings.

History of secondary storage is quite interesting, with each generation, it gets better, faster, secure, reliable and smaller it size and always expanding the storage capacity.

The first external storage device was paper punch card. It used paper card with holes as data. A hole means zero, and no hole was one. Printer that time were used to punch the output for storage.

Paper was quickly out-dated once the Floppy Drive (8'') started to be used for storage. It became popular as it was more robust and handy than the paper roll, and could store more data.

The advancement of floppy drive with the 3.5'' that is small and sturdy enough to carry in the pocket. This floppy drive even had cover for the area that is use for reading. The purpose is to protect it from dust.

The first released of Zip Drive was capable of holding 100MB of data. Compare to floppy Drive, this technology were more quality and superior which needs specialized drives for reading and writing on the media. It became a good backup drive.

Flash drive also known as pen drive is the next revolution in secondary portable storage device. The main attraction was capable of being used on any computer equipped with USB port. So now virtually nothing more is needed for this drive to work if you have a computer with USB port.

Card media (SD/MMC/MS) is a stamp sized media that became popular from portable devices like cameras and phones. Media started shrinking and its capacity always increasing. It uses the same technology as the USB drive internally, only the interface is differing in order for it to be used by various devices like camera and mobile phones. Now days Card Reader for these type of media are getting shipped as a standard accessory from leading Computer manufacturers.

Week 1- Information Technology, The Internet and WE

Information technology is a set of tools, processes and alternatives used to collect, analyze, and present information. It has been used widely in many industries nowadays. We could not deny that IT play an important role in our lives. The are many reason why IT is so popular because it could help us to process large amount of information and present it in a more clear and concise manner. This could help the recipients easily grasp the information and understand the message that the sender try to convey. Speaking of businesses, IT could improve the company productivity, improve performance by increased the ability of sharing information within company, and others.

As we know, the Internet has helped in the development of civilization. In the past century, human lived in the world that has no communication network. Now, we can stay connected with people from all over the world. Other than that, we could share information to our friends or business partners in anytime at anywhere. How can human do that? The answer is the Internet. The Internet had made the world become 'visible'. We feel grateful for the invention of the Internet.

From the last lecture, we had learn that information system (IS) consist of five parts:
1) hardware - tools or equipment that processes raw data to create information.

2) software - a series of instruction that convert the data into information.

3) data - any data that have not been processed and does not have meaning in its.

4) procedure - instruction or guidelines that the user must be follow when they are using hardware and software.

5) people - the most important in information system, it determine who will create and use the information.


Besides that, we have learn on the evolution of web. Thus, we have do some research on this topic.

First, web 1.0- Read-or-Write Web

• authors write down what they want to share and then publish online.
• readers can watch what the author wrote in the web and subjectively comprehend the meanings.
• link between writers and readers become generally disconnected.
• does not facilitate direct communication between web readers and writers.
  

Second, web 2.0- Read/Write Web

• writers and readers both can read and write to the same web space.
• allow establishing friendly social communication among web users.
• link between writers and readers become generally connected.

Third, web 3.0 (Semantic Web)- Read/Write Request Web

• connect victual representative of real people who use the world wide web (www)
• eliminate the distinction between readers and writers on the web.

To sum up, web 1.0 connect the real people to the world wide web. Web 2.0 connect real people who use the world wide web. Then, the latest web 3.0 connect virtual representative of people who use the world wide web.

Some questions from OS LAB

SET A
Operating System Lab Quiz

1. Create a DOS batch file student.bat that examines the batch parameter %1 through %3. If a parameter is defined display the parameter’s value. If the parameter is not defined display an appropriate error message. [3]

2. Answer the following questions with respect to DOS: [3]

1. Which commands place entries in the environment?
2. How can you use SET to change your command prompt?
3. What is the function of REN command
4. what is purpose of pause command
5. How does Echo off affect pause?

3. Given the output of following: [4]
1. rm file *
2. wc < file13. ls|wc –l > file
4. mkdir abc|data abc|data2 abc




Set B

1. Create a DOS batch file student.bat that examines the batch parameter %1 through %3. If a parameter is defined display the parameter’s value. If the parameter is not defined display an appropriate error message. [2]


2. Answer the following with respect to DOS [3]:

1. How do you change existing environment’s entry value?
2. What is purpose of TEMP environment entry
3. Create a batch file which displays calendar for month of March’10


3. Given the output of following [5]:

1. rmdir abc|data abc|data2 abc
2. who >>file1
3. cat chap*>hello
4. echo $$
5. ps -l



SET C

Operating System Lab Quiz



1. Create a batch file teacher.bat that examines the batch parameter %1 through %4. If a parameter is defined display the parameter’s value. If the parameter is not defined display an appropriate error message. [2]


2. Answer the following [3]:

1. How do you change existing environment’s entry value?
2. What is purpose of TEMP environment entry?
3. Create a batch file which displays calendar for month of March’10


3. Given the output of following [5]:

a. rmdir abc|data abc|data2 abc
b. who >>file1
c. cat chap*>hello
d. echo $$
e. ps -l


SET D
Operating System Lab Quiz



1. Answer the following questions [5]:

1. What will cat fit fit fit display
2. How will you copy a directory structure tree1 tree2 ?Does it make any difference if tree2 exist?
3. What is difference between cat foo and cat > foo?
4. Delete all files and directories of the current directory through a single command?
5. Count number of lines, number of words and characters for 3 files and total count. All through a single command.

2. What is significance of these commands?[3]
a. mv $Home/include
b. cp –r t1 t2
c. mv *../bin

3. Make a menu driven program in dos using choice command [2]

PREPARATION OF METHOD STATEMENT

Standard Format for Method Statement

1. Cover page (Title page)
   
2. List of Content
   
3. Purpose and Scope
   
4. Standards used or referred
   
5. Organisation
   
   1. Designation of Officers (named officers)
      
   2. Scope and Responsibility
      
6. Plants and Equipments
   
   1. Numbers and type of plant and machineries
      
   2. Certificate and Type of permits/certificate of fitness
      
   3. Specialised equipments (if any)
      
7. Specialised staff
   
   1. Designation of officers and workers
      
   2. Scope and responsibility
      
8. Construction Activities and Sequence of Works
   
   1. Preliminary works
      
      1. Pre-site checks
         
      2. Site survey and setting out
         
      3. Temporary works
         
      4. Location of works
         
      5. Level of workers competencies for each activities and works
         
   2. Main works
      
      1. Sequence of works to include persons involved
         
         1. Sequence of activity and work
            
         2. Construction dimensional tolerances and limits
            
         3. Holding points and approval before commencement of next activity
            
         4. Sketches, kinematics drawings, etc
            
         5. Maintenance of construction works
            
         6. Construction of work inspections and tests
            
         7. Material sampling, delivery and inspection
            
         8. Usage of plants and machineries
            
         9. Acceptance criteria
            
      2. Accesses to site
         
      3. Hours of works
         
      4. Approval process and/or special approval requirements
         
      5. Third party involvement or handover of work site or temporary access for nominated sub-contractors and/or contractors
         
      6. Specialist or Specialised contractor's method statement
         
      7. Construction constraints
         
      8. Energy and water usage and requirements
         
   3. Acceptance and Finishing Works
      
9. Legal requirements
   
10. Environmental measures
    
11. Health and Safety Measures
    
12. Risk Management
    
13. Design and/or Construction and/or Shop Drawings
    
14. List of Related Method Statements
    
15. Detailed Inspection and Test Plan
    
16. List of quality control forms
    
17. Standards, specifications and other documents listed in paragraph 4 above
    

Note:

The method statement submitted is not limited to the above statements but only the minimum requirements that are required in a method statement

XML Attributes

From HTML you will remember this: < IMG SRC="comp.gif" >. The SRC attribute provides additional information about the IMG element. In HTML (and in XML) attributes provide additional information about elements:

< img src="computer.gif" >
< a href="demo.asp" >

Attributes often provide information that is not a part of the data. In the example below, the file type is irrelevant to the data, but important to the software that wants to manipulate the element:

< file type="gif" > computer.gif < /file >
Students now u know abt basic XML, its scripting rules. Lets understand XML attributes which can be understood as property of an element.

Here are simple rules for XML elements

Quote Styles, "female" or 'female'?
Attribute values must always be enclosed in quotes, but either single or double quotes can be used. For a person's sex, the person tag can be written like this:

< person sex="female" > or like this:
< person sex='female' >

Note: If the attribute value itself contains double quotes it is necessary to use single quotes, like in this example:

< Inspector name='George "Rain" Abslum' >

Note: If the attribute value itself contains single quotes it is necessary to use double quotes, like in this example:

< Inspector name="George 'Rain' Abslum" >

Use of Elements vs. Attributes: Data can be stored in child elements or in attributes.

E.g. Take a look at these examples:

< firstname > Anna < /firstname >
lastname > Smith < /lastname >
< /person >
< person >
< sex > female < /sex >
< firstname > Anna > /firstname >
< lastname > Smith > /lastname >
< /person >

In the first example sex is an attribute. In the last, sex is a child element. Both examples provide the same information. There are no rules about when to use attributes, and when to use child elements. My experience is that attributes are handy in HTML, but in XML you should try to avoid them. Use child elements if the information feels like data.

E.g.Storing data in child elements.

The following three XML documents contain exactly the same information:
A date attribute is used in the first example:
< note date="12/11/2002" >
< to > Tove < /to >
< from>Jani < /from >
< heading>Reminder < /heading >
< body>Don't forget me this weekend! < /body >
< /note >

A date element is used in the second example:

< note >
< date > 12/11/2002 < /date >
< to > Tove < /to >
< from>JaniReminder < /heading >
< body>Don't forget me this weekend! < /body >
< /note >
An expanded date element is used in the third: (THIS IS MY FAVORITE):

< note >
< date >
< day > 12 < /day >
< month > 11 < /month >
< year > 2002 </year >
< /date >
< to > Tove < /to >
< from > Jani < /from >
< heading > Reminder < /heading >
< body >Don't forget me this weekend! < /body >
< /note >

Element naming

XML elements must follow these naming rules:

• Names can contain letters, numbers, and other characters
• Names must not start with a number or punctuation character
• Names must not start with the letters xml (or XML, or Xml, etc)
• Names cannot contain spaces

Take care when you "invent" element names and follow these simple rules:
Any name can be used, no words are reserved, but the idea is to make names descriptive. Names with an underscore separator are nice.

Examples: < stud_name >, < stud_age > .


Avoid "-" and "." in names. For example, if you name something "first-name," it could be a mess if your software tries to subtract name from first. Or if you name something "first.name," your software may think that "name" is a property of the object "first." Element names can be as long as you like, but don't exaggerate. Names should be short and simple, like this:



< Thesis_title > not like this: < the_title_of_the_book >.



XML documents often have a corresponding database, in which fields exist corresponding to elements in the XML document. A good practice is to use the naming rules of your database for the elements in the XML documents. Non-English letters like éòá are perfectly legal in XML element names, but watch out for problems if your software vendor doesn't support them. The ":" should not be used in element names because it is reserved to be used for something called namespaces (more later).